Items

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  1919-02-01

  Analysis of 1919 Image of A "Smoker's" Flu Mask

  The artifact that I have chosen is a photo of a man wearing a mask, with a hole provided so that the wearer may smoke a cigarette without having to remove said mask. The photo appears in the Saint Louis Post on February 1st, 1919, and the accompanying text seems to imply that it may have been taken in San Francisco, as the city is mentioned in particular. Additionally, the descriptive text is followed with "- International Film Service", implying that the image and text originate from this organization. This would have appeared in the paper during the third wave of the Spanish flu, several months after the deadly second wave. The third wave mostly consisted of smaller scale outbreaks in larger cities, such as San Francisco and Saint Louis. The flu had already re-established itself as a major threat with the second wave, and so many cities had put laws in place to make wearing flu masks in public mandatory. These laws were disliked by many, some of whom held anti-mask gatherings and started movements to try to overturn the laws. We see similar things today, of course, as many people refuse to wear masks and defiantly hold gatherings with little to no safety precautions. This artifact raises a great deal of questions about the differing perspectives on masks and cigarettes over the course of a century. The idea of wearing a mask that accommodates cigarette smoking appears laughable today, as we now know the harm that smoking causes. Making it easier for someone to damage their lungs in the middle of a pandemic seems like a foolish idea. However, research into nicotine addiction and the harm that smoking causes was practically nonexistent in the early 1900s. Therefore, the only obvious harm that a smoker mask would cause is possible infiltration of germs and bacteria through the mask's hole. One thing I found while researching the possible source of this image is that men in particular felt uneasy with wearing masks during the Spanish flu, because they felt emasculated. Many advertisements during this time promoting mask use were framed in such a way as to hopefully soothe men's bruised egos. One could argue that there is a connection between smoker-accommodating masks and attempts to make men feel secure in their masculinity. All this said, however, there is also the possibility that this image was purely satirical. It was reproduced in the May 1919 edition of Popular Science magazine in an anti-mask joke article. The article attempts to poke holes in the rationale behind mask laws, with comments about how regulation cannot stop the transfer of disease. As I cannot find any evidence of the smoker masks being mass produced or even other photos of them, there is a good chance that the original image was made as a joke. As mentioned before, the image was sourced as coming from the International Film Service, a short-lived animation studio in the 1910s. This image could have been produced by them as part of a gag. As the version that appears in the Saint Louis Post appears to be entirely sincere, it is possible that they missed the joke and took it seriously. It is also possible that the Saint Louis Post used the image jokingly but framed it seriously, and humor has changed enough in the past century that I cannot register the dry sarcasm used in a newspaper from 1919. Overall, this artifact raises many questions and few answers. With that said, it still sparks a lot of thoughts about how people in 1919 dealt with their pandemic and how we deal with ours.